Fidel Castro in 1959
JFK in 1963
Barack Obama and Raúl Castro in 2015
President Barack Obama and President Raúl Castro of Cuba met in Panama recently in the first face-to-face discussion between the leaders of the two countries in a half-century. Seated beside Castro in a small room in the convention center downtown where the Summit of the Americas was being held, Obama called it a “historic meeting”.Rico says the Republicans will bitch, but it's a good thing...
“Our governments will continue to have differences,” he said at a news conference wrapping up the summit meeting. “At the same time, we agreed that we can continue to take steps forward that advance our mutual interests.”
He called his meeting with Castro “candid and fruitful”, and said work would continue on the goal of re-establishing diplomatic relations and reopening embassies in Havana and Washington.
Still, Obama said crucial steps in the normalization process would not be completed rapidly. He stopped short of announcing a final decision, now widely expected, to remove Cuba from the United States’ list of state sponsors of terrorism, saying he wanted to study it further. For now, Obama argued, the best way to address the United States’ disagreements with Cuba and other countries in the hemisphere on such issues as human rights and democracy was by engaging with them. “So often, when we insert ourselves in ways that go beyond persuasion, it’s counterproductive, it backfires,” he said, adding that was “why countries keep on trying to use us as an excuse for their own governance failures. Let’s take away the excuse,” Obama said.
Castro said he wanted a new beginning with the United States despite the two countries’ “long and complicated history.” He added that “we are willing to discuss everything, but we need to be patient. very patient.”
The meeting on the sidelines of the Summit of the Americas was an important step for Obama, as he seeks to ease tensions with Cuba and defuse a generations-old dispute that has also affected relations with the other countries of the region.
Since his first foray to the summit meeting three months after taking office, Obama has seen one bone of contention frustrate his efforts to reach out to the United States’ hemispheric neighbors: the fact that Cuba was blackballed from the gathering. He was scolded by Argentina’s president for maintaining an “anachronistic blockade”, lectured by Bolivia’s president about behaving “like a dictatorship”, and, in 2012, blamed for the failure of leaders to agree on a joint declaration, the result, his Colombian host said, of the dispute over Cuba.
This year, Obama came to the summit meeting determined to change the dynamic with a series of overtures to Cuba. In addition to the meeting with Castro, the gathering was the first time in the more than twenty-year history of the summit meeting that Cuba was allowed to attend.
“The United States will not be imprisoned by the past; we’re looking to the future,” Obama said of his approach to Cuba at the summit meeting’s first plenary session. “I’m not interested in having battles that frankly started before I was born. The Cold War,” he added, “has been over for a long time.” He said the shift in policy would be a turning point for the entire region. Castro, in a speech of more than 45 minutes that went well beyond the eight minutes allotted, spoke in unusually warm tones about an American president who has sought reconciliation with his country. But in a nod to allies like Venezuela that still support Cuba, he also delivered a lengthy diatribe on historical American injustices in the hemisphere. Castro said he had read Obama’s books and praised his background as “humble”. He saluted his “brave” decision to take steps against a trade embargo against Cuba by using his executive powers to loosen a host of travel and commerce restrictions. And he thanked Obama for vowing a “rapid decision” on removing Cuba from the United States government’s list of states that sponsor international terrorism, a designation that has hobbled Cuba’s ability to bank with the United States and some foreign creditors.
Obama and Castro spent time during their hour-long meeting reflecting on the significance of the moment for Cubans, Americans, and the entire region, said a senior administration official who would describe the private session only on the condition of anonymity. There was no tension in the room, the official said, but the two presidents did not agree on everything. While they both committed to opening embassies in each other’s countries, Obama stressed what has emerged as a sticking point in the talks over opening an American embassy in Havana: ensuring that diplomats could move freely around the country.
Castro said he wanted to see the United States trade embargo against Cuba lifted, which Obama has called on Congress to do.
At a news conference, Bruno Rodríguez, the Cuban foreign minister, said his meeting with Secretary of State John Kerry, and Castro’s with Obama, allowed the countries to draw closer. “A principal result is that these two governments now know each other better,” Rodríguez said. “We have a better understanding of our common ground, a better idea of our mutual interests” and “better knowledge of the scope and depth of our differences.”
For Obama, the summit meeting was a chance to showcase progress toward a goal he aspired to during the first Latin American summit meeting he attended— where he spoke of a “new beginning” with Cuba, even in its absence— and to clear away what had become a dysfunctional subtext of the meeting for generations of American presidents.
“Our Cuba policy, instead of isolating Cuba, was isolating the United States in our own backyard,” said Benjamin J. Rhodes, Obama’s deputy national security adviser for strategic communications. “This time, we arrived here, yes, certainly not agreeing with everybody on everything,” he said, but with “broad agreement with the leaders here that what the president did was the right thing.” “It is going to open up the door, not just to greater engagement with Cuba, but potentially more constructive relations across the hemisphere,” Rhodes said.
Several Latin American nations have criticized recent United States sanctions against several Venezuelan officials it has accused of human rights violations. But Obama’s overtures to Cuba, and his recent executive action on immigration to make it easier for some people who are in the United States without authorization to stay legally, have brought an unusual round of salutes and congratulations.
“President Obama is going to leave a legacy the way he is supporting Hispanics in the United States, and also his new policy for Cuba for us is very important,” President Juan Carlos Varela of Panama said just before meeting with Obama.
President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia, who demanded Cuba’s inclusion in this summit meeting as he closed the last one, in his country in 2012, also celebrated Cuba’s arrival. “The Cuban situation has been an obstacle going back a long time in the relations of the United States with Latin America and the Caribbean, and without that obstacle the cooperation on many fronts will be more fluid,” he told the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo before arriving here.
It was a far cry from the last Summit of the Americas in 2012 in Cartagena, Colombia— marred by a prostitution scandal involving Secret Service agents— when some Latin American leaders openly berated Obama for the United States’ stance on excluding Cuba. Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela said they would not attend again unless Cuba could.
The President ended that gathering with a testy lament, seemingly irritated by his inability to move past old disputes. “Sometimes those controversies date back to before I was born,” Obama said in his closing news conference, adding that it felt at times as if “we’re caught in a time warp, going back to the 1950s and gunboat diplomacy, and ‘Yanquis’ and the Cold War, and this and that and the other.”
The meeting was not without reminders of the old animosities. It was marred by several clashes in the streets between Cuban dissidents and government representatives, one of whom accused the demonstrators of being paid by foreign governments, including the United States.
President Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela came to the summit meeting armed with a petition demanding that Obama lift sanctions that he imposed by executive order last month on members of the country’s government for human rights abuses.
“I respect you, but I don’t trust you, President Obama,” he said in a profanity-laced speech.
But longtime observers of the region said Obama’s move had robbed hemispheric neighbors of an oft-repeated knock against this American president and his predecessors.
“It opens the door for the US government by removing this argument that has been a pretext and an issue that has been invoked, not only by Cuba but other countries in the region, as a distraction,” said José Miguel Vivanco, the director of the Latin America program at Human Rights Watch. “The focus has been for so many years on the US policy toward Cuba, not on the record of Cuba,” he added. “This puts the US government and the Obama administration in a very different position, with much more credibility when it comes to talking about democracy and human rights.”
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