Pichação

Simon Romero has an article in The New York Times about graffiti in Brazil:

Sâo Paulo’s authorities have waged war for years against what they call “visual pollution”, banning billboard advertising, demolishing abandoned skyscrapers, and planning to raze concrete eyesores like the elevated highway known as the Big Worm.
But the battle to clean up the sprawling cityscape has become intertwined with a deeper social conflict between Brazil’s haves and have-nots, where the angry and disenfranchised lash out in a form of expression unrivaled in other cities.
Taking action against the establishment, young people arm themselves with black paint, rollers, spray cans, and no shortage of personal daring. Their target: the landscape that society cares so much to recover.
“We practice class warfare, and there are casualties in war,” said Rafael Guedes Augustaitiz, 27. “They compare us to barbarians, and there may be a little truth in that.” Augustaitiz is part of a subculture that executes a form of graffiti described by one scholar as an “alphabet designed for urban invasion.” It nearly envelops some of São Paulo’s government buildings, residential high-rises, even public monuments, with lettering eerily reminiscent of Scandinavia’s ancient runic writing.
The most daring practitioners risk their lives, scaling building facades at night to paint their script at the crests of smog-darkened skyscrapers. Some have fallen to their death from terrifying heights.
Their graffiti, called pichação, from the Portuguese verb “pichar”, or cover with tar, reflects the urban decay and deep class divisions that still define much of São Paulo, a city with a metropolitan population approaching twenty million. It is just one reminder of the social ills that Brazil’s economic boom has so far failed to resolve, and may perhaps even be accentuating, despite recent strides in reducing income inequality.
This month, Brazilians were stunned by clashes in São José dos Campos, an industrial city fifty miles from São Paulo, when the police stormed a squatter settlement, expelling about 6,000 residents from the area. Fury over that episode and the violent clearing by security forces this month of crack addicts from a part of downtown São Paulo called Cracolândia produced a fierce protest last week against the city’s mayor, Gilberto Kassab. His car was pelted with eggs as he fled.
“It’s positive to see others reacting with indignation against our elite,” said Djan Ivson Silva, 27, a pichação gang leader. “We take our risks to remind society that this city is a visual aggression to begin with, and hostile to anyone who is not rich.”
Retaining that edge is essential for self-described subversives who draw their underground legitimacy in part from their clashes with the mainstream art world.
Even as São Paulo’s other forms of graffiti acquire some respectability as street art, shown in galleries here and abroad, pichação (pronounced pee-shah-SAO) remains defiantly outside such conventions, inviting visceral reactions from those weary of its relentless scrawl across the cityscape. “They make buildings look grotesque and walls look disgusting,” said Telma Sabino, 45, a secretary, echoing the anti-pichação sentiment of many other Paulistanos, as residents of this city are called.
Pichação does, however, fascinate scholars of urban culture, who have studied it since it emerged here in the 1980s. They say that it differs remarkably from other forms of urban graffiti around the world inspired by New York’s colorful lettering from the 1970s.
Often applying black paint with rollers instead of using costlier spray paint, the graffitists were influenced by the record sleeves of foreign bands like Iron Maiden and AC/DC, themselves influenced by gothic lettering and Viking runes, said François Chastanet, a French scholar and author of a book on pichação.
The result was coded writing with vertically tilted black letters, often indecipherable to nonpractitioners. Chastanet says he marvels at the capacity of such an illegal lettering system to eventually occupy such vast swaths of a metropolis.
“For residents of São Paulo, it may contribute to blight, but we have to see that in its massiveness it is an urban wonder,” Chastanet said.
Pichação gangs often consist of about ten members, mostly young men from São Paulo’s poor periphery, who paint short phrases, like Poetic Terrorism, or their own names, like Zé. Their tags rarely carry explicit political statements. Sometimes the painters just scrawl the name of their gang, like Crypt. These groupings actually organize in broader associations called labels, which can encompass as many as fifty different gangs.
The labels, with names like The Filthiest Ones or Registered Under the Penal Code, compete against one another to paint coveted buildings. Their street brawls are violent and can result in deaths. Such wars, as they are called by those who engage in them, can last years.
Pichação gangs do not consider themselves graffitists at all, since colorful graffiti— in their view at least— is a lesser form of expression, easy to do on street level and often co-opted by the commercial art scene.
Some in the art world here find it hard to grasp pichação’s appeal, especially after gangs gained prominence when they stormed into the São Paulo Art Biennial and Choque Cultural, a prominent gallery for street artists, and defaced original works.
Other critics of pichação question whether the practice is as politicized as some gang leaders say it is, or rather an empty form of expression simply degrading the city, instead of exploring new ways of improving it.
A 2009 documentary, Pixo, explored the world of these high rollers. The director João Wainer accompanied gangs that scaled high-rises from the outside without climbing gear. “I was scared that one of them would fall to their death in front of me,” Wainer said.
None perished then. But the spread of the graffiti form from São Paulo to other Brazilian cities— pichação even appeared last year on the arm of Rio de Janeiro’s landmark Christ the Redeemer statue— has resulted in new accounts of such mishaps.
In Campinas, a city near São Paulo, an eighteen-year-old man died from head injuries after falling from a building where he was applying pichação. In another episode in the city of Belo Horizonte, a night watchman fatally shot a man who reportedly was preparing to paint a shed.
Society spills few tears over such deaths. But in a development that would shock many Paulistanos, and even some in the pichação scene itself, the foreign art world is starting to embrace the practice. One gang here has even been invited to attend the Berlin Biennale for Contemporary Art.
That is too much for Luiz Henrique do Vale Salles, 40, a car washer who used to earn about twenty dollars a day cleaning walls of pichação. He said his tormentors would spray their tags on buildings he had just scrubbed. He abhorred the job. “As a cleaner of their mess,” he said, “I felt horrible.”

Rico says poverty and graffiti seem to go hand in hand, here as well as there...