Custer for the day

War History Online has an article about Custer:

In most cases, movies based on real incidents tend to make those events more exciting. Not so in the case of Custer’s Last Stand. Of course, moviegoers wouldn’t likely want to see all of the scalping, animal killing, decapitation, and other grim horrors of this battle.
There would not be enough time in these movies to allow for the minor but intriguing facts surrounding the Little Big Horn:

1. Custer ordered horses killed to build a defensive wall
The cavalry, armed with single shot carbines, was no match for Native Americans with far more firepower. They were up against a hundred repeating Winchesters and more Indian firearms, numbering as many as 350, an onslaught they were unprepared for.
These cavalry soldiers were possibly not well trained. There were several minors that were not yet of military age among them, and several of the men found in archeological excavations were not in military uniforms. Indian accounts of the battle describe the men as scared and in a panic.
By most accounts, many of the men ran away from the carnage to make defense farther up, and it was on Custer Hill that Lieutenant Edward Godfrey and General Edward McClerand (and later confirmed by archeologists) found the bodies of cavalry men surrounded by a circle of dead horses.

“On top of Custer Hill was a circle of dead horses with a thirty-foot diameter, which was not badly formed. Around Custer, some thirty or forty men had fallen, some of whom had evidently used their horses as breastworks.” – General McClerand“Numerous dead horses were lying along the southwestern slope of Custer Hill.  On the very top were found four or five dead horses that were swollen, putrid, and offensive, their stiffened legs sticking straight out from their bodies.  Close under the brow of the hill several horses are lying together, and by the side of one of these Custer was found.” – Colonel John Gibbon

2. The Sioux and Cheyenne were not defending their own homeland; it belonged to the Crow
Crow Chief Plenty Coups had a vision as a child that, if his nation was to survive, it would need to befriend the coming white man. He stuck to that his entire life and, upon his death in the 1920s, he donated his home to the National Park Service.
The Crow were originally from Lake Erie, but in the 1700s were pushed westward by other tribes, first to Manitoba, and then, by the Cheyenne and Sioux, into Montana. The Crow territory included Little Big Horn, and in 1851, that land was included in the reservation boundaries set by the government for the Crow nation.
For decades, nearly a century, before the formation of the Crow reservation and the Crow’s alliance with the US, the Cheyenne and Sioux had been stealing Crow horses and warring with the less armed nation on a regular basis. They were, in a sense, bullies.
In 1868, after battling with the Sioux, the US signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which gave the Lakota Sioux territory up to the crest of the Bighorn Mountains. The Sioux treatment of the Crow became worse, and in the two years leading up to the battle with Custer, it escalated and it further involved the Army.
The Crow did not have enough numbers to defend themselves and neither did the Army, but together they were better off. The Sioux made numerous raids on Crow and Army outposts, and the Crow would often sacrifice their warriors in attempts to recover stolen horses and goods.
Indian Agent Dexter Clapp began to plead with the government for assistance in helping the Crow. He said that “as long as they are being driven from point to point, there is no use asking them to settle down and farm.” Clapp himself, in the meantime, armed the Crow with guns and ammunition. “The Sioux are now occupying the eastern and best portion of their reservation, and by their constant warfare, paralyzing all efforts to induce the Crow to undertake agriculture.”
It wasn’t only the Crow that were being pushed around by the Sioux; other nations included the Shoshone, Blackfeet, and Arikaras. 

3. The Sioux perspective on the worth of looted goods
During the battle, in addition to scalps, the Sioux took things from the soldier’s bodies that intrigued them. Watches were seen only as an object that ticked, and once the ticking stopped, they were mostly discarded. Black Elk says of one that he took from a soldier’s belt “It was round and bright and yellow and very beautiful, and I put it on me for a necklace. At first, it ticked inside, then it did not anymore.”
They also found compasses and saw that the needle floated and moved when the compass case was turned. Because of their position to the bodies of the dead soldiers, the compass happened to point at the bodies. They concluded that the device was attuned to the soldiers, and was how the white men found each other.
Paper money was of no use; it was seen as green art and was given to the children or thrown away. The wallets, however, were worth more and were kept; an interesting and opposite perspective than ours, but probably more correct.
The warriors also found flasks. They assumed the strong, burning liquid inside was “holy water” and that it was this drink that made the soldiers act strangely: shooting at each other and committing suicide in panic. 

4. Custer’s soldiers panicked to the point of suicide and deadly confusion
After Custer fell, the remaining soldiers fled in a disorganized panic toward a stand of cottonwood. The stampede was such that an Indian warrior compared it with a “hunting buffalo”.

“The white men went crazy. Instead of shooting us, they turned their guns upon themselves. Almost before we could get to them, every one of them was dead. They killed themselves.” Wooden Leg
“More and more soldiers were getting off their horses, preferring to hide or crawl along the ground. As hundreds of Indians surrounded this ridge, I saw one of the soldiers point his pistol at his head and pull the trigger. Others imitated his example, sometimes shooting themselves, sometimes each other. When Chief Lame White Man reached the soldiers, all of them were already dead. Indians then attacked the first ridge, and again, most of the white men were already dead. The only thing remaining for the Indians to do was pick up the abandoned guns and ammunition.” Kate Bighead

5. The Animals
There were, of course, horses at Little Big Horn, but there were also other animals, pets among them. Custer wrote home to his wife that “Tuck regularly comes when I am writing, and lays her head on the desk, rooting up my hand with her long nose until I consent to stop and notice her. She and Swift, Lady, and Kaiser sleep in my tent.” His dogs were trained to run alongside his horse that could be how Tuck died in the battle. The other dogs had been left at camp with their caretaker.
The horses have far stranger stories. Aside from the trench of horses mentioned above, there were mysterious horses like Little Soldier, the horse of Bobtailed Bull, an Arikara scout working with Major Marcus Reno. After Bobtailed Bull died in battle, Little Soldier made his way over three hundred miles back to his home in the Dakota Territory.
Another horse was found by General Godfrey on the Yellowstone River. It was missing nothing. It had its halter, saddle, and bit; everything down to the oats to feed it. The saddle bags were empty, but the general was told that they did hold a carbine when first discovered. The horse had been shot in the forehead. There was no sign of the rider.
A horse that showed up in Canada after its sale by the Sioux was recovered by the Mounties, and after US approval, the RMP superintendent, James Morrow Walsh was allowed to keep it. He named him Custer. 

6. Native Americans painted the battle
There are several paintings of the battle done by Indians, the most famous of which was done by Kicking Bear, a Sioux warrior and a later performer in Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West show. From his perspective, the central focus is himself, Crazy Horse, Rain In The Face, and Sitting Bull. It also features Custer and the departing spirits of the deceased. 

7. There’s buried treasure: the gold of the Far West steamboat
Captain Grant Marsh of the Far West Steamboat was the first to deliver the news of what happened at Custer’s Last Stand. His mission had been to take supplies to Custer, but instead, he ferried fifty wounded soldiers away from the massacre. To do this, he had to drop some weight. Rather than drop the fuel needed for steam, or supplies needed for the men, he chose to drop over three hundred thousand dollars worth of gold bars on the shores of the Bighorn River. It has never been recovered. 

8. Marked where they fell
If you visit the battlefield at Little Big Horn, there is a visual cue for gaining perspective on how the battle went down. Each marble marker marks the spot where a soldier fell. Originally, they were buried where they died, but the bodies were moved later. The markers remain. The places where the soldiers fell are marked with white marble headstones, so from afar you can get a picture of what the aftermath looked like. 

9. Custer’s legendary reputation is legendary
Custer’s life is a mishmash of failure, brazen luck, and some success, but he wasn’t the hero or anti-hero portrayed in movies. He was known as a prankster at West Point and graduated as the lowest-ranking cadet.
Most people believe he was a general, and he was, for a while, during the Civil War, a brevet Major General. After the war, the rank reverted to Captain and remained so for the rest of his career. He was courtmartialed twice; once for going AWOL to visit his wife.
During a campaign in Texas, the soldiers continually gave him gruff and balked at his discipline, and thought of him as a “vain dandy”. Custer was known for his appreciation of his hair and his attention to it with cinnamon oil for scent and other treatments.
Most of the legend surrounding Custer was embellished or even made up by Custer’s wife during speeches throughout her life, and by the shows put on by a friend and fellow soldier, Buffalo Bill. 

10. CSI on the Big Horn battlefield
It’s amazing what modern archeology and good investigation can accomplish. Studies underway at Little Big Horn Battlefield National Monument are so advanced that researchers can find a bullet on the ground and track where it was shot from, who shot it, and how adept at fighting the soldier was. They conduct their research with metal detectors and microscopes and match firing pins to rifle cartridges. They are also working with new translations of Native American accounts of the battle.

Rico says so much history to absorb...